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Textual variants in the Gospel of Luke are the subject of the study called textual criticism of the New Testament. Textual variants in manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below.

Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of dittography). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as 'he said' becoming 'Jesus said'). John Mill's 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus^[1] which was based on 'nearly 100 [Greek] manuscripts.'^[2] Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.^[3]

Legend[edit]

A guide to the symbols used in the body of this article.

• number beginning with '0': uncial
• number not beginning with '0': minuscule
• Byz: Byzantine text-type
• cop: Coptic versions
• eth: Ethiopian versions
• ƒ: Family
• geo: Georgian versions
• it: Itala (Old Latin/Vetus Latina)
• lat: Vulgate and some Itala versions
• 𝔐: Majority Text
• mss: manuscripts
• ${\displaystyle \mathfrak{P}}$: papyrus
• ℓ or Lect.: lectionary
• rell: reliqui; 'all other manuscripts'
• slav: Slavic versions
• syr: Syriac versions
• TR: Textus Receptus
• vg: Vulgate

Notable manuscripts[edit]

• א: Codex Sinaiticus (01)
• A: Codex Alexandrinus (02)
• B: Codex Vaticanus (03)
• C: Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (04)
• D^ea: Codex Bezae (05)
• K^e: Codex Cyprius (017)
• L^e: Codex Regius (New Testament) (019)
• S: Codex Vaticanus 354 (028)
• V: Codex Mosquensis II (031)
• W: Codex Washingtonianus (032)
• Γ: Codex Tischendorfianus IV (036)
• Δ: Codex Sangallensis 48 (037)
• Θ: Codex Koridethi (038)
• Ξ: Codex Zacynthius (040)
• Π: Codex Petropolitanus (New Testament) (041)
• Ψ: Codex Athous Lavrensis (044)
• Ω: Codex Athous Dionysiou (045)
• ff¹: Codex Corbeiensis I
• ff²: Codex Corbeiensis II
• g¹: Codex Sangermanensis I

Notable textual variants[edit]

Luke 2:7

φατνη (manger) – א A B D L W Θ Ξ 700

τη φατνη (the manger) – Ψ053f¹f¹³ Byz

τω σπηλαιω φατνη (the cave's manger) – Origen (via Epiphanius)

Textual 7 7 0 6 Fraction

Luke 2:9

εφοβηθησαν σφοδρα (they feared exceedingly) – Β

εφοβηθησαν φοβον μεγαν (they feared with great fear) – א A D L Ψ 053 f¹f¹³ Byz

εφοβηθησαν φοβον μεγαν σφοδρα (they feared with exceedingly great fear) – W cop^sa

Luke 2:21

ἐπλήσθησαν(fulfilled) – א Β A L Ψ 053 f¹f¹³ Byz

επληρωθησαν (finished) – Θ 33

συνετελέσθησαν (completed) – D cop^sa

Textual 7 7 0 6 X 6

Luke 2:21

αυτον και εκληθη (and he was called) – א Β A L Ψ 053 f¹ Βyz

αυτον εκληθη (he was called) – Θ f¹³ 565

το παιδιον ωνομασθη (the child was called) – D

Luke 2:22

αὐτῶν – א, A, B, K, L, W, Δ, Θ, Ξ, Π, Ψ, 053 etc.

αυτου – D, 2174, syr^s, cop^sa

αὐτῆς – 76

omit – 435, cop^bo

Luke 2:38

καὶ αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ (and at that hour) – א, A, B, D, L, W, Δ, Ξ, Ψ, 0130, 28, 33

καὶ αὕτη αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ (and at that hour she) – Θ, 053, f¹, f¹³, Byz

Luke 3:8

καὶ μὴ ἄρξησθε λέγειν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς (And do not begin to say to yourselves) – א, A, C, B [w], D, W, Δ, Ξ,

θ, K, M, N, U, Δ, Λ, Π, 33, 157, 579, 28, 565, 700, 1071, 1424, u[w]t

καὶ μὴ δόξητε λέγειν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς (And do not think to say to yourselves) – L, Ψ

καὶ μὴ δόξησθε λέγειν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς (And do not think to yourself to say to yourselves) – Γ

Luke 4:17

ἀνοίξας (opened) – B, A, L, W, Ξ, 33, 892, 1195, 1241, ℓ547, syr^s, h, pal, cop^{sa, bo}

ἀναπτύξας (unrolled) – א, D^c, K, Δ, Θ, Π, Ψ, f¹, f¹³, 28, 565, 700, 1009, 1010, 1071, 1079, 1216, 1230, 1242, 1253, 1344, 1546, 1646, 2148, 2174, Byz

ἁπτύξας (touched) – D*

Luke 5:26

και εκστασις ελαβεν απαντας και εδοξαζον τον θεον (And ecstasy took hold of them all, and they were glorifying God) – omitted by D M S W X Ψ Ω* 13 69 118 124 157 174 205 209 579 788 1241 it^d,e

Luke 5:39

verse omitted by D it^mss

Luke 6:4

Codex Bezae contains the following addition immediately after Luke 6:4.

Τη αυτη ημερα θεασαμενος τινα εργαζομενον τω σαββατω ειπεν αυτω ανθρωπε, ει μεν οιδας τι ποιεις, μακαριος ει ει δε μη οιδας, επικαταρατος και παραβατης ει του νομου. – D

Eodem die videns quendam operantem sabbato et dixit illi: Homo, siquidem scis, quod facis, beatus es, si autem nescis, maledictus et trabaricator legis. – d

On that same day, seeing someone working on the Sabbath, he (Jesus) said to him, 'Man, if you know what you do, blessed are you; but if you do not know, you are cursed and a transgressor of the law.'

Luke 7:7

διο ουδε εμαυτον ηξιωσα προς σε ελθειν (For this reason I did not deem myself worthy to come to you) – omitted by D 700* it^mss syr^s

Luke 7:13

ο Ιησους (Jesus) – D W f¹ 700 1241 it^f vg^mss syr^s,p co^bo

ο κυριος (the lord) – rell

Luke 8:26

Γερασηνων (Gerasenes) – ${\displaystyle \mathfrak{P}}$⁷⁵ B D 0267 latt co^sa,boms

Γεργεσηνων (Gergesenes) – א L X Θ Ξ f¹ 22 33 157 579 700* 1241 1342 syr^pal co^bo arm geo Eusebius Epiphanius

Γαδαρηνων (Gadarenes) – A R W Δ Ψ 0135f¹³ 700^c 1071 Byz syr goth

Luke 8:43

ιατροις προσαναλωσασα ολον τομ βιον (and had spent all her living upon physicians) – omitted by ${\displaystyle \mathfrak{P}}$⁷⁵ B (D) 0279 syr^s,pal co^sa arm geo Origen

Luke 9:35

ἐκλελεγμένος (Elect One) – ${\displaystyle \mathfrak{P}}$⁴⁵${\displaystyle \mathfrak{P}}$⁷⁵ א B L Ξ 892 1241 a aur ff² l vgst syr^s

εκλεκτος (elected) – Θ f¹ 1365

αγαπητος (beloved) – A C K P W X Δ Π f¹³ 28 33 565 700 Byz Marcion

αγαπητος εν ο ευδοκησα (beloved one in whom I am well-pleased) – C³ D Ψ ℓ19ℓ31ℓ47ℓ48ℓ49ℓ49^mℓ183ℓ183^mℓ211^m

Luke 9:55-56

στραφεις δε επετιμησεν αυτοις (but He turned and rebuked them) – ${\displaystyle \mathfrak{P}}$⁴⁵${\displaystyle \mathfrak{P}}$⁷⁵ א B C L W X Δ Ξ Ψ 28 33 565 892 1009 1010 1071 Byz^pt Lect

στραφεις δε επετιμησεν αυτοις και ειπεν, Ουκ οιδατε ποιου πνευματος εστε (but He turned and rebuked them and He said: 'You do not know what manner of spirit you are of) – D (ℓ1127^m) d geo

στραφεις δε επετιμησεν αυτοις καὶ εἶπεν, Οὑκ οἴδατε οἵου πνεύματος ἑστε ὐμεῖς; ὀ γὰρ υἰὸς τοῦ ἁνθρώπου οὑκ ἦλθεν ψυχὰς ἁνθρώπων ἁπολέσαι ἁλλὰ σῶσαι (but He turned and rebuked them and He said: 'You do not know what manner of spirit you are of; for the Son of man came not to destroy men's lives, but to save them) – K Π 1079 1242 1546 (f¹ omit γαρ) (Θ f¹³ omit υμεις and γαρ)

Luke 10:41-42

instead μεριμνας και θορυβαζη περι πολλα, ολιγων (ενος) δε εστιν χρεια Μαριαμ γαρ (you are worried and being troubled about many things Miriam, but not much (one thing) is needed) has only θορυβαζη (you are being troubled) with (D has also Μαριὰμ Miriam) (a, b, d, e, ff², i, l, r¹, syr^s, Ambrose omit θορυβαζη)

Luke 11:2

ἐλθέτω τὸ πνεῦμα σου τὸ ἄγιον εφ ημας και καθαρισατω ημας (May your Holy Spirit come upon us and purify us) – 162, 700

ἐφ ἡμᾶς ἐλθέτω σου ἡ βασιλεία (let thine kingdom come upon us) – D, it^d

ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου (May your kingdom come) – A, B, K, L, X, Θ, Π, Ψ, f¹, 28, 33, (565, 1253), 892, 1009, 1010, 1071, 1079, 1195, 1216, 1230, 1242, 1344, 1365, 1546, 1646, 2148, 2174, Byz, Lect, ℓ69, ℓ185, ℓ1127, it, vg, syr, cop^{sa, bo}, arm, geo, Origen

ἐλθάτω ἡ βασιλεία σου (May your kingdom come) – C, P, W, Δ, f¹³, 1241, (${\displaystyle \mathfrak{P}}$⁴⁵ indistinguishable ἐλθάτω or ἐλθέτω)

omit – geo

Luke 11:13

πνευμα αγιον – ${\displaystyle \mathfrak{P}}$⁷⁵, א, B, C, K, W, X, Δ, Π, Ψ, f¹, f¹³, 28

πνευμα αγαθον – L 1230 1253 1646, ℓ4, ℓ12, ℓ15, ℓ19, ℓ69, ℓ185, ℓ211

δοματα αγαθα – Θ, ℓ32^m

Luke 12:14

κριτὴν ἢ μεριστήν (judge or divider) – ${\displaystyle \mathfrak{P}}$⁷⁵, א, B, L, 0191, f¹, f¹³, 33, 700, 892, 1241, cop^samss

δικαστὴν ἢ μεριστήν (judge or divider) – A, K, W, X, Δ, Θ, Π, Ψ, 565, 1009, 1010, 1071, 1079, 1195, 1216, 1230, 1242, 1253, 1344, 1365, 1546, 1646, 2148, 2174, Byz

μεριστὴν ἢ δικαστήν (divider or judge) – 472, ℓ1642, eth

κριτὴν ἢ δικαστήν (divider or judge) – 69

ἄρχοντα καὶ δικαστήν (ruler and judge) – 157

κριτήν (judge) – D, it^{(a), c, d}

δικαστήν (judge) – 28

μεριστήν (divider) – cop^samss

Luke 12:21

verse omitted by – D, a, b, d

Luke 14:5

υἱὸς ἢ βοῦς – ${\displaystyle \mathfrak{P}}$⁴⁵, ${\displaystyle \mathfrak{P}}$⁷⁵, B, W, Δ, 28, 565, 700

υἱὸς ὑμῶν – 1344, ℓ184, ℓ1579

ὄνος ἢ βοῦς – א, K, L, X, Π, Ψ, f¹, f¹³, 33, 892, 1071, ℓ547

ὄνος υἱὸς ἢ βοῦς – Θ

πρόβατον ἢ βοῦς – D

υἱὸς ἢ βοῦς ἢ ὄνος – 2174, syr^c

Luke 17:36 (see Matt. 24:40)

verse omitted by א, A, B, K, L, W, X, Δ, Θ, Π, Ψ, 063, f¹, 28, 33, 565, 892, 1009, 1010, 1079, 1195, 1216, 1242, 1365, Byz, ℓ184, ℓ950, cop^{sa, bo}, goth, eth

δύο ἐν ἀγρῷ εἷς παραλημφθήσεται καὶ ὁ ἕτερος ἀφεθήσεται (two in the field; one will be taken and the other left) – D, 1071, 1230, 2174, ℓ185, ℓ1579, it, vg, syr, arm, geo, Diatessaron^{a, i, n}

δύο ἔσονται ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ εἷς παραλημφθήσεται καὶ ὁ ἕτερος ἀφεθήσεται (two men will be in the field; one will be taken and the other left) – 700, 1253, 1344

δύο ἔσονται ἐν ἀγρῷ εἷς παραλημφθήσεται καὶ ὁ ἕτερος ἀφεθήσεται (two men will be in the field; one will be taken and the other left) – 1646

δύο ἔσονται ἐν ἀγρῷ εἷς παραλημφθήσεται, ἡ δὲ ἑτέρα ἀφεθήσεται (two will be in the field then; one will be taken, but the other left) – f¹³

Luke 22:19b-20

τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν διδόμενον... τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐκχυννόμενον (which is given for you... which is shed for you), omitted by D, a, (b, e have a different word order) d, ff², i, l (syr^cur omits only τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐκχυννόμενον)

Luke 22:43-44

Luke 22:62

verse omitted by a, b, e, ff², i, l, r¹ (0171 does not appear to leave space)

Luke 24:3

τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ (of the Lord Jesus) – ${\displaystyle \mathfrak{P}}$⁷⁵, א, A, B, C, K, L, W, X, Δ, Θ, Π, Ψ, 0124, f¹, f¹³, 28, 33, 565, 700, 892, 1009, 1010, Byz, Lect, it^{aur, c, f, q}, vg

του Ιησου (Jesus) – 579, 1071, 1241, syr^cur

omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff², l, r¹

Luke 24:6

οὐκ ἔστιν ὢδε, ἀλλ(ὰ) ἠγέρθη (He is not here, but is risen), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff², l, r¹, arm^mss, geo^B

Luke 24:9

απο του μνημειου (from the tomb), omitted by D, a, b, c, d, e, ff², l, r¹, arm, geo

Luke 24:12

verse omitted by D, a, b, d, e, l, r¹

Luke 24:26

δοξαν – majority of mss

βασιλειαν – ${\displaystyle \mathfrak{P}}$⁷⁵

Luke 24:36

καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς εἰρήνη ὑμῖν (and said to them: Peace unto you) – mss of Alexandrian, Casarean, and Byzantine text-types

omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff², l, r¹

Luke 24:40

καὶ τοῦτο εἰπὼν ἔδειξεν αὐτοῖς τὰς χειρᾶς καὶ τοὺς πόδας (and when He said this, He showed them His hands and His feet), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff², l, r¹, syr^s, syr^cur

Luke 24:51

καὶ ἀνεφέρετο εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν (and taken up into heaven), omitted by א*, D, a, b, d, e, ff², l

hiatus in r¹, syr^s (syr^cur) geo¹

Luke 24:52 – προσκυνήσαντες αὐτὸν (upon worshiping Him), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff², l (hiat r¹), syr^s (syr^cur), geo²

Luke 24:53

εὐλογοῦντες τὸν θεόν ('blessing God') – Alexandrian

αἰνουντες τὸν θεόν ('praising God') – Western

αἰνουντες καὶ εὐλογοῦντες τὸν θεόν ('praising and blessing God') – Byz. mss

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Adam Fox, John Mill and Richard Bentley: A Study of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament 1675–1729 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), pp. 105–115; John Mill, Novum Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS (Oxford 1707)
2. ^Metzger and Ehrman (2005), p.154
3. ^Peter J. Gurry, 'The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate' New Testament Studies 62.1 (2016), p. 113

Further reading[edit]

• Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine, ed. E. Nestle, K. Aland, Stuttgart 1981.
• Bruce M. Metzger & Bart D. Ehrman, 'The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration', OUP New York, Oxford, 4 edition, 2005
• Bart D. Ehrman, 'The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament', Oxford University Press, New York - Oxford, 1996, pp. 223–227.
• Bruce M. Metzger, 'A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament', 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York.

External links[edit]

• Variantes textuais(in Portuguese)